Should Hospitals Test Pregnant Women for Drug Use Without...

Should hospitals test pregnant women for drug use without their consent? Hospitals, during their normal course of treatment should test pregnant women for drugs of any type, whether legal or not. Of course, the patient should be informed of such testing, but consent should not be required. Findings of illegal drugs should be used to educate and treat the mother for an addiction rather than informing law enforcement of such an activity. Hospitals are in the business of treating people’s ailments and promoting health. Reporting of illegal drug use should be left to law enforcement. An exception to the rule is if the illegal activity is personally witnessed by hospital staff. In cases of pregnancy, the hospital’s duty and obligation is†¦show more content†¦This is why hospitals must use drug abuse information gained by testing to educate and treat the addiction. The good that such education and treatment not only benefits mother and child but ripples throughout the entire community and economy. Hospitals also have a duty and obligation to protect the mother’s right to privacy. Releasing medical and treatment information without their consent is a violation of HIPAA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and of the Privacy Rule that protects mother’s personal health information from being disclosed, again without consent. Hospitals are to be in compliance of the law but not to enforce it. That should be left to law enforcement to handle. Disclosure to law enforcement without consent may also be a violation of the mother’s 4th Amendment right, the right against unreasonable search and seizure. Again, the mother has the right to privacy; to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures †¦, in this case, their medical information and treatment. Speaking of law enforcement, law enforcement may prosecute the mother of a crime that has not been directly witnessed. Use of illegal drugs is not being condoned, but law enforcement must have first hand knowledge of it to act. Prosecution may serve as a disservice as well. Imprisonment and punishment onlyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Voluntary Testing for Pregnant Women3201 Words   |  13 PagesVoluntary Testing for Pregnant Women During the past decade, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a leading cause of mortality among women. This population is now accounting for the most rapid increase in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in recent years. As the numbers of cases of HIV infection have increased among women, particularly of childbearing age, increasing numbers of children have become infected as well. Various studies conducted to date indicateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?3423 Words   |  14 Pagesjourney of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.† Simply speaking up and making a statement can open the minds of others. while consent laws are not a sub topic often discussed in debates regarding abortion, more people should become aware of it and their own feelings towards it. I believe there should be no abortion consent laws to provide equality to women of all ages, including minors. Nowadays, it is fairly simple for someone wanting an abortion to receive the proper medical care that theyRead MorePrenatal And Routine Postnatal Hiv Screening1820 Words   |  8 PagesVirus (HIV) diagnoses are increasing among women in the United States; as a result there is an increase in newborns born with HIV via vertical transmission, accounting for nearly all pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Between 1999 and 2000, about 370 HIV infected infants were born, 40% of which were born to mothers who were unaware of their HIV status before delivery. Without antiretroviral therapy or other forms of intervention, 25% of infected pregnant women will transmit the virus to their child duringRead MoreThe Problem Associated With Infertility1250 Words   |  5 Pagesintercourse [1.2]. There are 2 types of infertility :Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods.Secondary infertility refers to couples w ho have been able to get pregnant at least once, but now are unable.[3] The inability to have children is undeniably a very distressing experience in both men and women which can lead to major psychological disorders such as depression. 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Two key areas of care will be identified to critique and examine in detail: acute appendicitis as an immediate concern, and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) related to chronic illnesses as an ongoing issue for this pa tient. 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However, in 2006 the first time in 14 years, the incidence of teenage births has increased. This would imply that the incidence rates of teenage pregnancy are also on the rise, but marked by the rise could be linked to other sources: for example, reducing the number of abortions or a decrease in the number of abortions. In 2002, the United States noted 53 teen births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years, the highest among developedRead MoreDate Rape Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesRape defined is forcing sexual intercourse upon someone without his or her consent. This isn’t just a girls’ problem, boys have to deal with this too. According to the American Psychological Association, nearly one in ten girls and one in twenty boys say they have been raped or experienced some form of sexual assault (Atlanta Journal, 1). Almost more than half of rape victims know their attacker; they don’t report it or tell anybody. In most date rape cases, the attacker and victim have known each

Challenges Related to Marketing and Branding in the...

Challenges related to marketing and branding in the Chinese beer industry: Source: Loizos Heracleous (2001)When Local Beat Global: The Chinese Beer Industry. Business Strategy Review, 2001, Volume 12 Issue 3, pp 37-45. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8616.00182/pdf. In spite of the fact that the level of taxation on the beer retail price in China was one of the lowest in the world at 19% (as compared with South Korea at 53.5%, Australia at 52.8% or the UK at 44.6%, for example), beer producers in China found it hard to make a profit, generally operating at capacity utilization levels of just 50-65%. The problems faced by foreign entrants can be summarized under four heads: _ The high†¦show more content†¦* Most of the beer sold through retail (‘‘take-home’’ or ‘‘off-premise’’) outlets is standard beer. People bring reusable glass bottles and fill them up. Most of the international brands are only available through ‘‘on-premise’’ channels like hotels, restaurants, bars, and karaoke bars. On-premise prices are considerably higher than off-premise retail, and indeed considerably higher than many Chinese consumers can afford. Among status-conscious buyers purchasing beer in hotels, bars, discotheques, and restaurants, however, demand is relatively price inelastic. Some customers are prepared to pay very high prices even by Western standards for the right brand, as a sign of status. Most foreign brewers had imported their brands to China before producing them domestically. Multinational brewers had spent large sums on advertising, especially in the bigger hotels and restaurants where prices were already high. In order to secure access to higher-paying customers who were frequenting these restaurants and hotels, larger beer companies paid an extra concession fee to sell on these premises, thus furthering raising the final price of the beer. As a result, many local Chinese beers were being pushed out with foreign beers often sold at twice the price of local ones. Overseas brewers then began to import brands rather than products by finding cooperative partners in China: the world’s top 10 brewers had all entered the market in this way.Show MoreRelatedHeineken N.V.: Global Branding and Advertising2172 Words   |  9 PagesWith sales throughout Europe, America, Asia, Australia and Africa, Heineken was second in volume of beer brewed behind only Anheuser-Busch in 1993. While Europe, particularly the Netherlands, provided the majority of its sales revenue, international expansion provided the majority of sales growth from 1992 to 1993. As the trend toward international expansion and the globalization of the brewing industry increased, the importance of effective advertising strategies and projecting an appropriate brandRead MoreGlobal Marketing : a Decision-Oriented Approach 4th Ed. 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John Hughes Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood Free Essays

John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood David Bordwell (2006) firmly believes that when faced with the challenge of creating, people ask themselves how they can raise the premises to new levels of achievement, or revive a disreputable genre. He argues that people challenge themselves with the question ‘How can I make casual connections more felicitous, twists more unexpected, character psychology more involving, excitement more intense, motifs more tightly woven? How can I display my own virtuosity? Following this quote and my own research, I’ve come to believe that John Hughes is a very significant example of a filmmaker to reach a whole new level of achievement in Hollywood. As the director and writer of several well-known teen movies such as Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off (1986), from the mid-1980s Hughes has been respected as one of the more influential figures of Hollywood for redefining an d leaving a long-lasting impression on movies with a teen demographic. We will write a custom essay sample on John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through deeply focusing on new themes and motifs such as social hierarchy, he undeniably changed the teen movie genre forever by creating sympathy and understanding for adolescent characters. In the 1980s, teenager’s attitudes were changing, and many theorists believe music television was to blame. Shary (2005) states that with celebrity appearances, commercials, and a brand-new, fast-paced style, MTV became â€Å"the court where youth culture was told what was cool†. He also believes that the political changes in America also heavily influenced teenagers perspectives, especially after the â€Å"carefree attitudes† of Carter’s presidency turned into the â€Å"peremptory dictates of Regan’s decade†. He states that: â€Å"The new Republican ethos may have won over voters, but at the same time its naive ‘just say no’ approach to serious adolescent choices gave youth a renewed sense of irritation for adult authority. † To express their views on America’s politics, the youth became eager to experiment with sex and drugs, and Hollywood felt the effect of the youth’s impact and took note. At this time period, Hollywood was experiencing a transition of sorts, between what was labelled as the Hollywood Renaissance (Schatz,1993), into a more contemporary style of cinema which theorist Geoff King (2002) labelled as ‘New Hollywood Version 2’. To understand the breakthrough of John Hughes’ movies, we must understand that before his directorial debut of Sixteen Candles, films of the 1980s were not sympathetic to teens, and the majority f said films came in the form of slasher movies, or sex-comedies, where audiences would watch teenagers be embarrassed and hurt in various different forms. In this period of transition, these movies would reap in profits, but did not focus on character psychology or emphasise performance the way earlier examples did. In this transition period, Hughes’ managed, in some form, to stay true to the earlier, character-based films, but still managed to produce a successful profit, without any high-scale production that woul d turn his films into the newer, blockbuster style pictures. He often worked on more than one movie at once, and released them very close together, in a way that provided more money for the studios, as his reputation as a director became more well-known and his movies became more successful. It’s important to note also, that his films were released at a time where VCR and home videos were becoming more and more popular, which meant that young adults could watch his films over and over at home, and create a personal relationship with the characters. As a director, Hughes knew exactly what he wanted; to show teenagers as important, intelligent, and not the sex-crazed and shallow adolescents that earlier movies portrayed them to be. Gora (2010) proposes that: â€Å"What would set Hughes apart, in an age when other filmmakers were quick to portray teens as vapid, horny, pimpled caricatures, was that he was wise enough to present the teenage experience with the pain, seriousness, and melodrama that so often imbues age. As proven by films such as Losin’ It (1983) and Little Darlings (1980), many movies in the early 1980s revolved simply around â€Å"the quest of teens to lose their virginity† (Shary, 2005). Although Hughes has focused on the theme of sex, it is just one of many different themes and motifs in his films, including the ever-popular idea of social hierarchy, or parental pressure. Sixteen Candles, centres around the story of sixteen-year old Sam (portrayed by Molly Ringwald), whose birthday is forgotten by her family in favour of her older sister’s wedding the next day. This film includes the only completely nude scene of any of Hughes’ movies, and was only included due to pressure from the network, who insisted that it was needed in order to compete with the other teen films on the market. The scene itself is not remotely sexual however, and exists only to emphasise Sam’s self-consciousness, when she and her best friend spy on the girlfriend of her biggest crush whilst in the shower after gym. It does include many of the cliches, such as the virgin esperate to have sex, the rich teen driving an expensive car which will undoubtedly be wrecked somehow, or a house party where the house is destroyed, but unlike other teen films, it encourages us to laugh with the characters rather than at them. To portray the idea of social hierarchy, where some sort of clique is ‘better’ than another, Hughes’ often uses a form of what Roz Kaveney (2006) entitles the ‘anthropology shot’. Kaveney states that â€Å"such sho ts establish a number of social groups among high school students and pan between them to demonstrate social divisions†. This shot can be effective because despite the fact that we will only really know a few select characters, it is able to establish the kind of environment they are living in. An example of said shot is used in Sixteen Candles, introducing the ‘geeks’ at the dance. Although Hughes’ did not invent the shot, many films have reproduced the way he used it, such as Mean Girls (2004), where the character Janice introduces Cady to the social cliques in the cafeteria. As well as the anthropology shot, Hughes’ also used many low-angle shots in his films to connote the sense of inadequacy teenagers feel when looking at the world. This is also used often when the characters talk to adults, and is especially prominent in The Breakfast Club when the characters talk to the principal. This shows the control Principal Vernon has over the kids, and enforces the belief that because they are young, they aren’t as powerful. Hughes,’ as a director, paid a great deal of attention to setting social background in his films. The opening of The Breakfast Club, the story of five teens of different cliques who must spend their Saturday in detention, uses single shots to give us a feel for each character. Claire, for example, the typical rich and popular ‘princess’ is introduced with the shot of a prom queen poster, although we haven’t officially met her character yet. Similarly, John Bender, the ‘criminal’ problem-child, is introduced using a shot of a vandalized locker with a noose attached. The film officially opens with a glass-shattering transition to an introductory shot of the high school, which could be read as foreshadowing; eventually, the character’s defences are broken down, and they open up to each other to become friends. The writing of Hughes’ films brought a great deal of attention to motifs that hadn’t been paid much attention before, such as the idea of the child acting like the parent. A prime example of this is Sixteen Candles, where Sam’s mother apologises to her for missing her birthday. In this scene, Sam, the teenager, is the one to comfort her emotional mother, and say â€Å"It’s okay, these things happen†. Themes also explored were the ideas parental pressure, such as The Breakfast Club, where geeky Brian contemplated suicide because he feared his parents would be disappointed in him for failing his first class, or the theme of money and social classes, which Hughes’ addressed by pairing Claire and Bender together; the rich girl with the poor boy. He also brings a new light to female sexuality, which the character of Alison addresses directly; â€Å"If you say you haven’t you’re a prude. And if you say you have, you’re a slut. It’s a trap. Seeing such touching scenes on screen empowers teens, and helps the audience sympathize with their experiences. Said themes have since been addressed in many teen movies to this date, such as Clueless (1995) or Easy A (2010). The impact that John Hughes has left on Hollywood is undoubtable and everlasting. Despite the fact that it has been over twenty-five years since The Breakfast Club was released, for example, c ountless references are still made to the film in today’s pop culture, including homages in NBC’s cult TV show ‘Community’ and a mention in CW’s ‘Gossip Girl’ (â€Å"we’re the non-judging Breakfast Club†). Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons and Futurama, is also a huge fan of the film. Bart Simpson’s famous catchphrase ‘eat my shorts’ is a direct reference to John Bender’s line, which he says defiantly to Principal Vernon. Judd Nelson’s portrayal of the character was also the inspiration for the name of Futurama’s temperamental robot Bender. The movie has also been spoofed in many American advertisements, including the 2008 commercial for chain clothing store JCPenney. The back-to-school line was heavily influenced by The Breakfast Club, and featured teenagers dancing in a library to the most popular song from the soundtrack, ‘Don’t You Forget About Me’. Not Another Teen Movie (2001) was a complete parody of the majority of Hughes’ material, and featured a cameo from Molly Ringwald as an adult who disapproved of teenagers. To this day, Hughes’ is continually paid homage to, and because of the way he changed the portrayal of teenagers, people will continue to do so for a long time. (Word count: 1,643) References Bibliography Driscoll, C (2011). Teen Film: A Critical Introduction. UK: Berg. Easy A, 2010. [DVD] Will Gluck, United States: Sony Pictures. Clueless, 1995. [DVD] Amy Heckerling, United States: Universal Pictures. Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, 1986. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Paramount Pictures Gora, S (2010). You Couldn’t Ignore Me If You Tried: The Brat Pack, John Hughes, and their Impact on a Generation. New York: Crown Publishing Group Kaveney, R (2006). Teen Dreams: Reading Teen Film and Television from Heathers to Veronica Mars. London: I. B. Tauris King, G (2002). New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. London:  I. B. Tauris Little Darlings, 1980. [DVD] Ronald F. Maxwell, United States: Stephen Friedman/King’s Road Productions Losin’ It, 1983. [DVD] Curtis Hanson, United States: Tiberius Film Productions Mean Girls, 2004. [DVD] Mark Waters, United States: Paramount Pictures Pretty in Pink, 1986. [DVD] Howard Deutch, United States: Paramount Pictures Shary, T (2005). Teen Movies: American Youth on Screen. London: Wallflower Press Sixteen Candles, 1984. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Universal Pictures The Breakfast Club, 1985. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Universal Pictures How to cite John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood, Papers

Health Care Reform Essay Research Paper From free essay sample

Health Care Reform Essay, Research Paper From FDR s New Deal to Lyndon Johnson s Great Society, the United States authorities has attempted to centralise extended societal policies. In the early 1880ss, when recession and rising prices were at a high, Ronald Reagan took office and pronounced that the federal authorities needed to take a lesser function in the lives of the American people. As Theda Skocpol remarks in her book Boomerang: Clinton s Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politicss, the Reagan disposal instilled a disfavor of centralised authorities in the American people. This was a major ground, harmonizing to Skocpol, why the Clinton Administration failed to nationalise Health Security. It was this fright of centralised authorities and Clinton s failure to reform Health Care that makes a more centralised societal policy unlikely in the close hereafter. There has been a necessity in the 20th century ( due in portion to the Great Depression and World War II ) for large authorities. The statute law behind Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal called for the engagement of the federal authorities to make a extremely bureaucratic societal policy. The combination of Roosevelt s political assertiveness and society s willingness to let such centralisation that made large authorities possible. The individualistic outlook of the mid-twentiess was seen as the cause of the depression. The federal authorities and the ensuing reforms were seen as a manner of sing economic security. In the 1960ss President Johnson followed with a program of societal reform: The Great Society. In contrast to the terrible economic fortunes of the mid-thirtiess, the 1960ss were consumed with societal agitation. The preponderantly white middle class saw such reforms as a fiscal menace. The civil rights act of 1964 was a distant promise to the underprivileged for a better manner of life. The American people were non willing to give up some of their money so that the more unfortunate could a have a bette r manner of life. The reaction to The Great Society conveyed the American public s involuntariness to give their economic security for the unfortunate. The federal authorities would non take a bigger function. In the 1880ss Ronald Reagan came into power and instilled an intense fright of large authorities into the American people. As Theda Skocpol says debt and disenchantment with the federal authorities were turning before the 1980s. But the republican dominance of that decennary exploded the shortage and intentionally encouraged cynicism about public attempts to turn to national jobs. The Reagan disposal worked to cut revenue enhancements and disbursement on what was called uneconomical governm ent plans. The democrats, who in the Congressional bulk, attempted to keep the plans that already existed. Yet the republican forces would finally hunger the bing plans in order to cut the federal budget. Twelve old ages after Reagan and Bush took office the one-year shortage rose from 59 billion in 1980 to 300 billion in 1992 and the national debt rose from 914 billion to over 3 trillion in 1992. Reagan s programs were non carefully thought through and its reverberations would be felt into the Clinton disposal. The Clinton disposal ideally wanted to implement new societal reforms when it entered the White House in 1992. The program for his Health Care reform had overpowering support by the populace and the media. On the Clinton place forepart, nevertheless, there was a batch of concern. Harmonizing to Theda Skocpol Clinton and his 1992 run advisers were obsessed with the turning away of the word revenue enhancements, . The Clinton disposal was haunted by the republican parties policies of the 1880ss. Clinton was cognizant that the American people would be wary of new societal reform if it included revenue enhancements because of the underlying fright of a strong centralised authorities. Thus the Clinton disposal attempted to maintain a tight lip on the inside informations of the wellness attention reform, but this ended up backlashing on them. The populace and media were non informed of the inside informations environing Health Security program and society thought the worst. By comparing ; LBJ s Great Society failed because people were non willing to be taxed on another apparently inordinate authorities policy. So less so a twelvemonth after the wellness attention program was announced it was rapidly shot down by Congress like a goose in runing season. The American outlook to be economically economical prevented the Clinton disposal from go throughing the wellness attention reform that would let cosmopolitan coverage. The inability of the White House to get the better of this tendency makes such grandiose reforms improbable. Skocpol agrees with this averment when she says In the aftermath of failed Health Security attempt of 1993-94 and the anti-governmental recoil it helped fuel, there is no chance of get downing once more Even with the chance of a democratic White House and Congress in 2000, such a extremely bureaucratic and federally complicated measure does non look probably in the close hereafter. Furthermore, with the budget excess doing political gridlock, it is evident that the democrats will non be able to utilize the economic excess for any new authorities plans. In a clip of economic prosperity, where the postman has four telecastings in his three-story house, the American populace would instead put in the stock market than large authorities.