Should Hospitals Test Pregnant Women for Drug Use Without...

Should hospitals test pregnant women for drug use without their consent? Hospitals, during their normal course of treatment should test pregnant women for drugs of any type, whether legal or not. Of course, the patient should be informed of such testing, but consent should not be required. Findings of illegal drugs should be used to educate and treat the mother for an addiction rather than informing law enforcement of such an activity. Hospitals are in the business of treating people’s ailments and promoting health. Reporting of illegal drug use should be left to law enforcement. An exception to the rule is if the illegal activity is personally witnessed by hospital staff. In cases of pregnancy, the hospital’s duty and obligation is†¦show more content†¦This is why hospitals must use drug abuse information gained by testing to educate and treat the addiction. The good that such education and treatment not only benefits mother and child but ripples throughout the entire community and economy. Hospitals also have a duty and obligation to protect the mother’s right to privacy. Releasing medical and treatment information without their consent is a violation of HIPAA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and of the Privacy Rule that protects mother’s personal health information from being disclosed, again without consent. Hospitals are to be in compliance of the law but not to enforce it. That should be left to law enforcement to handle. Disclosure to law enforcement without consent may also be a violation of the mother’s 4th Amendment right, the right against unreasonable search and seizure. Again, the mother has the right to privacy; to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures †¦, in this case, their medical information and treatment. Speaking of law enforcement, law enforcement may prosecute the mother of a crime that has not been directly witnessed. Use of illegal drugs is not being condoned, but law enforcement must have first hand knowledge of it to act. Prosecution may serve as a disservice as well. Imprisonment and punishment onlyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Voluntary Testing for Pregnant Women3201 Words   |  13 PagesVoluntary Testing for Pregnant Women During the past decade, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a leading cause of mortality among women. This population is now accounting for the most rapid increase in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in recent years. As the numbers of cases of HIV infection have increased among women, particularly of childbearing age, increasing numbers of children have become infected as well. Various studies conducted to date indicateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?3423 Words   |  14 Pagesjourney of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.† Simply speaking up and making a statement can open the minds of others. while consent laws are not a sub topic often discussed in debates regarding abortion, more people should become aware of it and their own feelings towards it. I believe there should be no abortion consent laws to provide equality to women of all ages, including minors. Nowadays, it is fairly simple for someone wanting an abortion to receive the proper medical care that theyRead MorePrenatal And Routine Postnatal Hiv Screening1820 Words   |  8 PagesVirus (HIV) diagnoses are increasing among women in the United States; as a result there is an increase in newborns born with HIV via vertical transmission, accounting for nearly all pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Between 1999 and 2000, about 370 HIV infected infants were born, 40% of which were born to mothers who were unaware of their HIV status before delivery. Without antiretroviral therapy or other forms of intervention, 25% of infected pregnant women will transmit the virus to their child duringRead MoreThe Problem Associated With Infertility1250 Words   |  5 Pagesintercourse [1.2]. There are 2 types of infertility :Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods.Secondary infertility refers to couples w ho have been able to get pregnant at least once, but now are unable.[3] The inability to have children is undeniably a very distressing experience in both men and women which can lead to major psychological disorders such as depression. Depression is said to be a major problemRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights2862 Words   |  12 Pagesdevelopment This right to health is more important for women given their biological structure and childbearing capacity. Articles 11, 12 and 14 of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 19793 (Cedaw) have declared that the States shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order to ensure access to health care services on a basis of equality of men and women, including those related to family planning andRead MoreClinical And Holistic Personal Health Factors Within An Emergency Nursing Framework3362 Words   |  14 Pagespresentation, clinical and holistic personal health factors within an emergency nursing framework. Two key areas of care will be identified to critique and examine in detail: acute appendicitis as an immediate concern, and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) related to chronic illnesses as an ongoing issue for this pa tient. The patient’s assessment, including relevant investigations and medical management, will be reviewed against best practiceRead MoreEmergency Room At The Clinic1850 Words   |  8 Pagesnight. 8:30 a.m. — At the clinic, routine gynecologic cases, such as annual exams and infections are seen 10:00 a.m. — pager goes off needing assistance to the emergency room to see a 30-year-old woman, who is 30 weeks pregnant. 10:15 a.m. — race from the clinic to the hospital, and discuss the modes of delivery she may need. 12:00 p.m. — A scheduled C-section on a 26-year-old. who has requested tubal sterilization. 2:00 p.m. — A calls comes for a 20-year-old, who, at 41 weeks, needs labor inductionRead MoreMedicine3513 Words   |  15 PagesProfiles * My CEUs * My Reports * Support * Main Menu †º VA Human Subjects Protection †º Informed Consent ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ Informed Consent Content Author * Diane Paul, M.S., RN National Comprehensive Cancer Network Introduction It is important to understand that informed consent is a process that begins with the recruitment and screening of a subject and the signing of the consent document, continues throughout the subjects involvement in the research, and continues beyond study terminationRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On The United States2305 Words   |  10 Pagessexual abstinence and 75% - on the effective use of contraceptives. However, in 2006 the first time in 14 years, the incidence of teenage births has increased. This would imply that the incidence rates of teenage pregnancy are also on the rise, but marked by the rise could be linked to other sources: for example, reducing the number of abortions or a decrease in the number of abortions. In 2002, the United States noted 53 teen births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years, the highest among developedRead MoreDate Rape Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesRape defined is forcing sexual intercourse upon someone without his or her consent. This isn’t just a girls’ problem, boys have to deal with this too. According to the American Psychological Association, nearly one in ten girls and one in twenty boys say they have been raped or experienced some form of sexual assault (Atlanta Journal, 1). Almost more than half of rape victims know their attacker; they don’t report it or tell anybody. In most date rape cases, the attacker and victim have known each

Challenges Related to Marketing and Branding in the...

Challenges related to marketing and branding in the Chinese beer industry: Source: Loizos Heracleous (2001)When Local Beat Global: The Chinese Beer Industry. Business Strategy Review, 2001, Volume 12 Issue 3, pp 37-45. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8616.00182/pdf. In spite of the fact that the level of taxation on the beer retail price in China was one of the lowest in the world at 19% (as compared with South Korea at 53.5%, Australia at 52.8% or the UK at 44.6%, for example), beer producers in China found it hard to make a profit, generally operating at capacity utilization levels of just 50-65%. The problems faced by foreign entrants can be summarized under four heads: _ The high†¦show more content†¦* Most of the beer sold through retail (‘‘take-home’’ or ‘‘off-premise’’) outlets is standard beer. People bring reusable glass bottles and fill them up. Most of the international brands are only available through ‘‘on-premise’’ channels like hotels, restaurants, bars, and karaoke bars. On-premise prices are considerably higher than off-premise retail, and indeed considerably higher than many Chinese consumers can afford. Among status-conscious buyers purchasing beer in hotels, bars, discotheques, and restaurants, however, demand is relatively price inelastic. Some customers are prepared to pay very high prices even by Western standards for the right brand, as a sign of status. Most foreign brewers had imported their brands to China before producing them domestically. Multinational brewers had spent large sums on advertising, especially in the bigger hotels and restaurants where prices were already high. In order to secure access to higher-paying customers who were frequenting these restaurants and hotels, larger beer companies paid an extra concession fee to sell on these premises, thus furthering raising the final price of the beer. As a result, many local Chinese beers were being pushed out with foreign beers often sold at twice the price of local ones. Overseas brewers then began to import brands rather than products by finding cooperative partners in China: the world’s top 10 brewers had all entered the market in this way.Show MoreRelatedHeineken N.V.: Global Branding and Advertising2172 Words   |  9 PagesWith sales throughout Europe, America, Asia, Australia and Africa, Heineken was second in volume of beer brewed behind only Anheuser-Busch in 1993. While Europe, particularly the Netherlands, provided the majority of its sales revenue, international expansion provided the majority of sales growth from 1992 to 1993. As the trend toward international expansion and the globalization of the brewing industry increased, the importance of effective advertising strategies and projecting an appropriate brandRead MoreGlobal Marketing : a Decision-Oriented Approach 4th Ed. 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John Hughes Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood Free Essays

John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood David Bordwell (2006) firmly believes that when faced with the challenge of creating, people ask themselves how they can raise the premises to new levels of achievement, or revive a disreputable genre. He argues that people challenge themselves with the question ‘How can I make casual connections more felicitous, twists more unexpected, character psychology more involving, excitement more intense, motifs more tightly woven? How can I display my own virtuosity? Following this quote and my own research, I’ve come to believe that John Hughes is a very significant example of a filmmaker to reach a whole new level of achievement in Hollywood. As the director and writer of several well-known teen movies such as Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off (1986), from the mid-1980s Hughes has been respected as one of the more influential figures of Hollywood for redefining an d leaving a long-lasting impression on movies with a teen demographic. We will write a custom essay sample on John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through deeply focusing on new themes and motifs such as social hierarchy, he undeniably changed the teen movie genre forever by creating sympathy and understanding for adolescent characters. In the 1980s, teenager’s attitudes were changing, and many theorists believe music television was to blame. Shary (2005) states that with celebrity appearances, commercials, and a brand-new, fast-paced style, MTV became â€Å"the court where youth culture was told what was cool†. He also believes that the political changes in America also heavily influenced teenagers perspectives, especially after the â€Å"carefree attitudes† of Carter’s presidency turned into the â€Å"peremptory dictates of Regan’s decade†. He states that: â€Å"The new Republican ethos may have won over voters, but at the same time its naive ‘just say no’ approach to serious adolescent choices gave youth a renewed sense of irritation for adult authority. † To express their views on America’s politics, the youth became eager to experiment with sex and drugs, and Hollywood felt the effect of the youth’s impact and took note. At this time period, Hollywood was experiencing a transition of sorts, between what was labelled as the Hollywood Renaissance (Schatz,1993), into a more contemporary style of cinema which theorist Geoff King (2002) labelled as ‘New Hollywood Version 2’. To understand the breakthrough of John Hughes’ movies, we must understand that before his directorial debut of Sixteen Candles, films of the 1980s were not sympathetic to teens, and the majority f said films came in the form of slasher movies, or sex-comedies, where audiences would watch teenagers be embarrassed and hurt in various different forms. In this period of transition, these movies would reap in profits, but did not focus on character psychology or emphasise performance the way earlier examples did. In this transition period, Hughes’ managed, in some form, to stay true to the earlier, character-based films, but still managed to produce a successful profit, without any high-scale production that woul d turn his films into the newer, blockbuster style pictures. He often worked on more than one movie at once, and released them very close together, in a way that provided more money for the studios, as his reputation as a director became more well-known and his movies became more successful. It’s important to note also, that his films were released at a time where VCR and home videos were becoming more and more popular, which meant that young adults could watch his films over and over at home, and create a personal relationship with the characters. As a director, Hughes knew exactly what he wanted; to show teenagers as important, intelligent, and not the sex-crazed and shallow adolescents that earlier movies portrayed them to be. Gora (2010) proposes that: â€Å"What would set Hughes apart, in an age when other filmmakers were quick to portray teens as vapid, horny, pimpled caricatures, was that he was wise enough to present the teenage experience with the pain, seriousness, and melodrama that so often imbues age. As proven by films such as Losin’ It (1983) and Little Darlings (1980), many movies in the early 1980s revolved simply around â€Å"the quest of teens to lose their virginity† (Shary, 2005). Although Hughes has focused on the theme of sex, it is just one of many different themes and motifs in his films, including the ever-popular idea of social hierarchy, or parental pressure. Sixteen Candles, centres around the story of sixteen-year old Sam (portrayed by Molly Ringwald), whose birthday is forgotten by her family in favour of her older sister’s wedding the next day. This film includes the only completely nude scene of any of Hughes’ movies, and was only included due to pressure from the network, who insisted that it was needed in order to compete with the other teen films on the market. The scene itself is not remotely sexual however, and exists only to emphasise Sam’s self-consciousness, when she and her best friend spy on the girlfriend of her biggest crush whilst in the shower after gym. It does include many of the cliches, such as the virgin esperate to have sex, the rich teen driving an expensive car which will undoubtedly be wrecked somehow, or a house party where the house is destroyed, but unlike other teen films, it encourages us to laugh with the characters rather than at them. To portray the idea of social hierarchy, where some sort of clique is ‘better’ than another, Hughes’ often uses a form of what Roz Kaveney (2006) entitles the ‘anthropology shot’. Kaveney states that â€Å"such sho ts establish a number of social groups among high school students and pan between them to demonstrate social divisions†. This shot can be effective because despite the fact that we will only really know a few select characters, it is able to establish the kind of environment they are living in. An example of said shot is used in Sixteen Candles, introducing the ‘geeks’ at the dance. Although Hughes’ did not invent the shot, many films have reproduced the way he used it, such as Mean Girls (2004), where the character Janice introduces Cady to the social cliques in the cafeteria. As well as the anthropology shot, Hughes’ also used many low-angle shots in his films to connote the sense of inadequacy teenagers feel when looking at the world. This is also used often when the characters talk to adults, and is especially prominent in The Breakfast Club when the characters talk to the principal. This shows the control Principal Vernon has over the kids, and enforces the belief that because they are young, they aren’t as powerful. Hughes,’ as a director, paid a great deal of attention to setting social background in his films. The opening of The Breakfast Club, the story of five teens of different cliques who must spend their Saturday in detention, uses single shots to give us a feel for each character. Claire, for example, the typical rich and popular ‘princess’ is introduced with the shot of a prom queen poster, although we haven’t officially met her character yet. Similarly, John Bender, the ‘criminal’ problem-child, is introduced using a shot of a vandalized locker with a noose attached. The film officially opens with a glass-shattering transition to an introductory shot of the high school, which could be read as foreshadowing; eventually, the character’s defences are broken down, and they open up to each other to become friends. The writing of Hughes’ films brought a great deal of attention to motifs that hadn’t been paid much attention before, such as the idea of the child acting like the parent. A prime example of this is Sixteen Candles, where Sam’s mother apologises to her for missing her birthday. In this scene, Sam, the teenager, is the one to comfort her emotional mother, and say â€Å"It’s okay, these things happen†. Themes also explored were the ideas parental pressure, such as The Breakfast Club, where geeky Brian contemplated suicide because he feared his parents would be disappointed in him for failing his first class, or the theme of money and social classes, which Hughes’ addressed by pairing Claire and Bender together; the rich girl with the poor boy. He also brings a new light to female sexuality, which the character of Alison addresses directly; â€Å"If you say you haven’t you’re a prude. And if you say you have, you’re a slut. It’s a trap. Seeing such touching scenes on screen empowers teens, and helps the audience sympathize with their experiences. Said themes have since been addressed in many teen movies to this date, such as Clueless (1995) or Easy A (2010). The impact that John Hughes has left on Hollywood is undoubtable and everlasting. Despite the fact that it has been over twenty-five years since The Breakfast Club was released, for example, c ountless references are still made to the film in today’s pop culture, including homages in NBC’s cult TV show ‘Community’ and a mention in CW’s ‘Gossip Girl’ (â€Å"we’re the non-judging Breakfast Club†). Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons and Futurama, is also a huge fan of the film. Bart Simpson’s famous catchphrase ‘eat my shorts’ is a direct reference to John Bender’s line, which he says defiantly to Principal Vernon. Judd Nelson’s portrayal of the character was also the inspiration for the name of Futurama’s temperamental robot Bender. The movie has also been spoofed in many American advertisements, including the 2008 commercial for chain clothing store JCPenney. The back-to-school line was heavily influenced by The Breakfast Club, and featured teenagers dancing in a library to the most popular song from the soundtrack, ‘Don’t You Forget About Me’. Not Another Teen Movie (2001) was a complete parody of the majority of Hughes’ material, and featured a cameo from Molly Ringwald as an adult who disapproved of teenagers. To this day, Hughes’ is continually paid homage to, and because of the way he changed the portrayal of teenagers, people will continue to do so for a long time. (Word count: 1,643) References Bibliography Driscoll, C (2011). Teen Film: A Critical Introduction. UK: Berg. Easy A, 2010. [DVD] Will Gluck, United States: Sony Pictures. Clueless, 1995. [DVD] Amy Heckerling, United States: Universal Pictures. Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, 1986. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Paramount Pictures Gora, S (2010). You Couldn’t Ignore Me If You Tried: The Brat Pack, John Hughes, and their Impact on a Generation. New York: Crown Publishing Group Kaveney, R (2006). Teen Dreams: Reading Teen Film and Television from Heathers to Veronica Mars. London: I. B. Tauris King, G (2002). New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. London:  I. B. Tauris Little Darlings, 1980. [DVD] Ronald F. Maxwell, United States: Stephen Friedman/King’s Road Productions Losin’ It, 1983. [DVD] Curtis Hanson, United States: Tiberius Film Productions Mean Girls, 2004. [DVD] Mark Waters, United States: Paramount Pictures Pretty in Pink, 1986. [DVD] Howard Deutch, United States: Paramount Pictures Shary, T (2005). Teen Movies: American Youth on Screen. London: Wallflower Press Sixteen Candles, 1984. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Universal Pictures The Breakfast Club, 1985. [DVD] John Hughes, United States: Universal Pictures How to cite John Hughes: Reaching New Levels of Achievement in Hollywood, Papers

Health Care Reform Essay Research Paper From free essay sample

Health Care Reform Essay, Research Paper From FDR s New Deal to Lyndon Johnson s Great Society, the United States authorities has attempted to centralise extended societal policies. In the early 1880ss, when recession and rising prices were at a high, Ronald Reagan took office and pronounced that the federal authorities needed to take a lesser function in the lives of the American people. As Theda Skocpol remarks in her book Boomerang: Clinton s Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politicss, the Reagan disposal instilled a disfavor of centralised authorities in the American people. This was a major ground, harmonizing to Skocpol, why the Clinton Administration failed to nationalise Health Security. It was this fright of centralised authorities and Clinton s failure to reform Health Care that makes a more centralised societal policy unlikely in the close hereafter. There has been a necessity in the 20th century ( due in portion to the Great Depression and World War II ) for large authorities. The statute law behind Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal called for the engagement of the federal authorities to make a extremely bureaucratic societal policy. The combination of Roosevelt s political assertiveness and society s willingness to let such centralisation that made large authorities possible. The individualistic outlook of the mid-twentiess was seen as the cause of the depression. The federal authorities and the ensuing reforms were seen as a manner of sing economic security. In the 1960ss President Johnson followed with a program of societal reform: The Great Society. In contrast to the terrible economic fortunes of the mid-thirtiess, the 1960ss were consumed with societal agitation. The preponderantly white middle class saw such reforms as a fiscal menace. The civil rights act of 1964 was a distant promise to the underprivileged for a better manner of life. The American people were non willing to give up some of their money so that the more unfortunate could a have a bette r manner of life. The reaction to The Great Society conveyed the American public s involuntariness to give their economic security for the unfortunate. The federal authorities would non take a bigger function. In the 1880ss Ronald Reagan came into power and instilled an intense fright of large authorities into the American people. As Theda Skocpol says debt and disenchantment with the federal authorities were turning before the 1980s. But the republican dominance of that decennary exploded the shortage and intentionally encouraged cynicism about public attempts to turn to national jobs. The Reagan disposal worked to cut revenue enhancements and disbursement on what was called uneconomical governm ent plans. The democrats, who in the Congressional bulk, attempted to keep the plans that already existed. Yet the republican forces would finally hunger the bing plans in order to cut the federal budget. Twelve old ages after Reagan and Bush took office the one-year shortage rose from 59 billion in 1980 to 300 billion in 1992 and the national debt rose from 914 billion to over 3 trillion in 1992. Reagan s programs were non carefully thought through and its reverberations would be felt into the Clinton disposal. The Clinton disposal ideally wanted to implement new societal reforms when it entered the White House in 1992. The program for his Health Care reform had overpowering support by the populace and the media. On the Clinton place forepart, nevertheless, there was a batch of concern. Harmonizing to Theda Skocpol Clinton and his 1992 run advisers were obsessed with the turning away of the word revenue enhancements, . The Clinton disposal was haunted by the republican parties policies of the 1880ss. Clinton was cognizant that the American people would be wary of new societal reform if it included revenue enhancements because of the underlying fright of a strong centralised authorities. Thus the Clinton disposal attempted to maintain a tight lip on the inside informations of the wellness attention reform, but this ended up backlashing on them. The populace and media were non informed of the inside informations environing Health Security program and society thought the worst. By comparing ; LBJ s Great Society failed because people were non willing to be taxed on another apparently inordinate authorities policy. So less so a twelvemonth after the wellness attention program was announced it was rapidly shot down by Congress like a goose in runing season. The American outlook to be economically economical prevented the Clinton disposal from go throughing the wellness attention reform that would let cosmopolitan coverage. The inability of the White House to get the better of this tendency makes such grandiose reforms improbable. Skocpol agrees with this averment when she says In the aftermath of failed Health Security attempt of 1993-94 and the anti-governmental recoil it helped fuel, there is no chance of get downing once more Even with the chance of a democratic White House and Congress in 2000, such a extremely bureaucratic and federally complicated measure does non look probably in the close hereafter. Furthermore, with the budget excess doing political gridlock, it is evident that the democrats will non be able to utilize the economic excess for any new authorities plans. In a clip of economic prosperity, where the postman has four telecastings in his three-story house, the American populace would instead put in the stock market than large authorities.

The Human Rights Issue of Guantanamo Bay Essay Example For Students

The Human Rights Issue of Guantanamo Bay Essay Human rights are those rights that all persons inherently possess. These rights are protected by various legal principals such as the rule of law and ensure the dignity of all people. Various organisations such as the United Nations attempt to ensure that all nations adhere to human rights laws. However, human rights are being violated by countries all around the world, even by countries such as the United States who have the national strategy America must stand firmly for the non negotiable demands of human dignity . The United States have been breaching international covenants and conventions on human rights with their terrorist detention camp at Guantanamo Bay. The United States, however, acts according to the laws it defines for itself . It is entitled to do so as it is a sovereign state. We will write a custom essay on The Human Rights Issue of Guantanamo Bay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Guantanamo Bay is an American Navel base used to permanently incapacitate approximately 660 detainees from 40 nations, including children. Because the base is located on Cuban territory the prisoners are not protected by the American constitution or judiciary it is the obligation of the Judicial Branch to ensure the preservation of our constitutional values . These prisoners are held at the detention center in legal limbo, with no access to lawyers or families . The prisoners are kept isolated for 24 hours a day, little outdoor exercise time and no interaction with other prisoners. The inmates are interrogated for hours at a time and it is commonly speculated subject to torture. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is the only non government organisation allowed access to the prisoners. The ICRC is worried about the psychological impact that the prison is inflicting on inmates. A photograph released by the Pentagon shows inmates kneeling before soldiers, hands and ankl es cuffed with masks completely covering their faces. The photograph has become an icon of unacceptable US exceptionalism . Sayed Abbasin, once an inmate of the Guantanamo bay detention center described the experience it was the act of an animal to treat a human being like that . The United States government authorised military commissions to hand down the death penalty for detainees of Guantanamo Bay. Against the verdicts the prisoners have no right to appeal, which is a requirement of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The defendant has no say in any legal matters, even to who defends him in court. The commissions are also allowing a lower standard of proof as to allow for evidence obtained through coercion to be admissible. These commissions themselves violate the principles of natural justice and the separation of the judiciary, allof which contradict the rule of law. The United States government cannot create unfair commissions administered by the executive, with the power to hand down death sentences to suit their current requirements. Lord Steyn, a leading judge from the United Kingdom has stated that these commissions would be a stain on United States Justice . The situation at Guantanamo Bay directly violates various international treaties and covenants including the Geneva Convention and the ICCPR. On January 11 2002 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld outlined the stance the United States would be taking in regards to the terrorists detained at Guantanamo Bay. The United States have labeled the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay unlawful combatants and that therefore the Geneva Convention does not protect these individuals. Jamie Fellner director of Human Rights Watch states that as America is party to the Geneva Convention they are required to treat all combatants equally and humanely. The Geneva Convention is also violated simply through the authorisation of these military commissions under the convention all captured fighters regardless if they are members of an adversary states armed forces or are part of an identifiable militia group are to be tried under the same laws and courts as the detaining countrys armed forces. Therefore these mil itary commissions not only violate the Geneva Convention but also the rule of law in the fact that they were architected with the purpose of dealing with inmates at Guantanamo Bay, and have never applied to American soldiers. .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .postImageUrl , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:hover , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:visited , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:active { border:0!important; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:active , .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f53d8218cff9b23fcccac7a47f8a2ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Music EssayHuman rights violations are allowed to occur because the international community is incapable of punishing or enforcing violations.

Phillis Wheatley - Slave Poet of Colonial America

Phillis Wheatley - Slave Poet of Colonial America Dates: about 1753 or 1754 - December 5, 1784Also known as: sometimes misspelled as Phyllis Wheatley An Unusual Background Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa (probably Senegal) about 1753 or 1754. When she was about eight years old, she was kidnapped and brought to Boston. There, in 1761, John Wheatley bought her for his wife, Susanna, as a personal servant. As was the custom of the time, she was given the Wheatley familys surname. The Wheatley family taught Phillis English and Christianity, and, impressed by her quick learning, they also taught her some Latin, ancient history, mythology and classical literature. Writing Once Phillis Wheatley demonstrated her abilities, the Wheatleys, clearly a family of culture and education, allowed Phillis time to do study and write. Her situation allowed her time to learn and, as early as 1765, to write poetry. Phillis Wheatley had fewer restrictions than most slaves experienced but she was still a slave. Her situation was unusual. She was not quite part of the white Wheatley family, nor did she quite share the place and experiences of other slaves. Published Poems In 1767, the Newport Mercury published Phillis Wheatleys first poem, a tale of two men who nearly drowned at sea, and of their steady faith in God. Her elegy for the evangelist George Whitefield, brought more attention to Phillis Wheatley. This attention included visits by a number of Bostons notables, including political figures and poets. She published more poems each year 1771-1773, and a collection of her poems was published in London in 1773. The introduction to this volume of poetry by Phillis Wheatley is unusual: as a preface is an attestation by seventeen men of Boston that she had, indeed, written the poems herself: WE whose Names are underwritten, do assure the World, that the POEMS specified in the following Page, were (as we verily believe) written by Phillis, a young Negro Girl, who was but a few Years since, brought an uncultivated Barbarian from Africa, and has ever since been, and now is, under the Disadvantage of serving as a Slave in a Family in this Town. She has been examined by some of the best Judges, and is thought qualified to write them. The collection of poems by Phillis Wheatley followed a trip that she took to England. She was sent to England for her health when the Wheatleys son, Nathaniel Wheatley, was traveling to England on business. She caused quite a sensation in Europe. She had to return unexpectedly to America when they received word that Mrs. Wheatley was ill. Sources disagree on whether Phillis Wheatley was freed before, during or just after this trip, or whether she was freed later. Mrs. Wheatley died the next spring. The American Revolution The American Revolution intervened in Phillis Wheatleys career, and the effect was not completely positive. The people of Boston and of America and England bought books on other topics rather than the volume of Phillis Wheatley poems. It also caused other disruptions in her life. First her master moved the household to Providence, Rhode Island, then back to Boston. When her master died in March of 1778, she was effectively if not legally freed. Mary Wheatley, the daughter of the family, died that same year. A month after the death of John Wheatley, Phillis Wheatley married John Peters, a free black man of Boston. Marriage and Children History is not clear about John Peters story. He was either a neer-do-well who tried many professions for which he was not qualified, or a bright man who had few options to succeed given his color and lack of formal education. The Revolutionary War continued its disruption, and John and Phillis moved briefly to Wilmington, Massachusetts. Having children, trying to support the family, losing two children to death, and dealing with the wars effects and a shaky marriage, Phillis Wheatley was able to publish few poems during this period. She and a publisher solicited subscriptions for an additional volume of her poetry which would include 39 of her poems, but with her changed circumstances and the wars effect on Boston, the project failed. A few poems were published as pamphlets. George Washington In 1776, Phillis Wheatley had written a poem to George Washington, lauding his appointment as commander of the Continental Army. That was while her master and mistress were still alive, and while she was still quite the sensation. But after her marriage, she addressed several other poems to George Washington. She sent them to him, but he never responded again. Later Life Eventually John deserted Phillis, and to support herself and surviving child she had to work as a scullery maid in a boardinghouse. In poverty and among strangers, on December 5, 1784, she died, and her third child died hours after she did. Her last known poem was written for George Washington. Her second volume of poetry was lost. More About Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley: Analysis of Her Poems Suggested Reading on This Site African American History and Women Timeline 1700-1799African American Writers Recommended Books Phillis Wheatley - Bibliography Vincent Carretta, editor. Complete Writings - Penguin Classics. Reprint 2001.John C. Shields, editor. The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley. Reprint 1989.Merle A. Richmond. Bid the Vassal Soar: Interpretive Essays on the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley. 1974.Mary McAleer Balkun. Phillis Wheatleys construction of otherness and the rhetoric of performed ideology. African American Review, Spring 2002 v. 36 i. 1 p. 121. Childrens Books Ages 8-12:Kathryn Lasky. A Voice of Her Own: The Story of Phillis Wheatley, Slave Poet. January 2003.Susan R. Gregson. Phillis Wheatley. January 2002.Maryann N. Weidt. Revolutionary Poet: A Story about Phillis Wheatley. October 1997.Young Adult:Ann Rinaldi. Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons: The Story of Phillis Wheatley. 1996.

Ludwig Van Beethovens life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ludwig Van Beethovens life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that various figures will influence our lives in different ways and dimensions. A renowned figure in the creative arts can influence a scientist’s life, as well as a fictional character, can influence the life of a scientist. In this case, the people influenced achieve the success that was unfathomed since they create a purpose and meaning in their lives using their influencer’s life, views, ideas, and philosophies. Importantly, figures whose stories are full of triumph over tragedies influence people due to the achievements that these figures accomplished despite the hindrances that may have prevented their success. Ludwig Van Beethoven exemplified brilliancy and intellect, which exerted immense influence that remains to date. In effect, his determination and achievements, regardless of the factors that inhibited his accomplishments, signify the important role he played in influencing my life as a student who is an aspiring e ngineer. Beethoven’s compositions are played in concerts, operas, and other entertainment venues although a few people know the challenges that Beethoven underwent in order to make these compositions. First, he was born in a family of seven children with only three of the children surviving to adulthood. The children succumbed from hereditary diseases that affected the family, which means that the probability of Beethoven suffering from a similar fate was high.